Essay on the Power of Language in The Plague -- Albert Camus Plague Es

The Power of Language in The Plague In his novel The Plague, Albert Camus presents a pseudo-authentic narrative of a plague that limits and controls the residents of Oran inside their city doors. The plague has the intensity of life and demise over the individuals, as it figures out which residents will confront their passing or the individuals who work to stop demise. These last men, represented by the character's of Rieux, Grand, and Tarrau, each battle unendingly to ace the plague's control over their lives, even with the acknowledgment they may never succeed. For Camus, this thought of incomprehensible battle against an inconspicuous force resounds all through the novel and reoccurs in another plague which these men must fight - the restrictions of human language. Camus' characters place incredible accentuation and significance upon the intensity of language and regret their powerlessness to communicate obviously. Subsequently, Camus sets up that human language, similar to the plague, has a tricky force in deciding the lives of these men even as they battle to ace and control it. Camus exhibit this first through his depiction of Rieux's battle to pick words cautiously as he perceives their capacity to both characterize and control his work. Next Camus builds up the intensity of words in his entertaining yet strong depiction of Grand, whose powerlessness to locate the correct words smothers and limits the two his work and his marriage (p.42). In conclusion, Camus explains upon this intensity of words through the activities of Tarrau who straightforwardly connects the abuse of words with the ability to execute. For Dr. Bernard Rieux, the utilization of human language will in the end help characterize his work. In this way he battles to pick his words cautiously. When being approached to portray the mysteri... ...termine occasions in human life in any event, when the speaker attempts to forestall this. Consequently, he builds up by and by the intensity of language over individuals who can be aware of language's capacity however never totally control this force in human life. Through his depiction of Rieux, Grand, And Tarrau, Camus portrays the intensity of language as each endeavor to ace and are aced by it. In doing so Camus pays tribute to language and makes The Plague a discourse on the creative procedure, as Camus himself battles with language in his profession as an essayist. Therefore Camus' epic likewise fills in as a tale of the composed word, as essayist's must battle to ace the language in their compositions. For Camus, the lesson of the story cautions the peruser to be cautious while picking his words as each has likely capacity to control lives. Works Cited: Camus, Albert, The Plague. Vintage: NY, 1991.

Changing Labor Markets and Demographics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changing Labor Markets and Demographics - Essay Example In view of this, monetary security isn't just reachable by one being in business yet in addition the measure of work and the compensation the person gets from work (Schiller, 2008). Two methodologies are instrumental when estimating the time span that one works. These incorporate the quantity of weeks one spends at work in a year and the quantity of hours one goes through in seven days. Aggregately, this prompts the calculation of the entirety of hours a laborer spends in work for an entire year. As per accessible insights, the higher the quantity of weeks spent at work by family units, the lower the paces of neediness. This announcement legitimately influences laborers who work low maintenance. There are more all day laborers than low maintenance in the economy. This intimates the work understanding of the poor isn't appropriately featured by such a pace of rate. As indicated by the U.S Department of Labor, â€Å"persons who have given 27 weeks or more to working or searching for w ork and who lived in families with salaries underneath the official destitution threshold† are signified as the working poor (U.S Department of Labor, 2012). In part 8 of a similar book, Schiller follows back the neediness circumstance in America during the 1960s. During this period, numerous Americans accepted that focused help and financial development could take out destitution. This was the War on Poverty started by Lyndon Johnson. The aftereffects of the war incorporate an improved economy, 70 percent ascend in house earnings and an extended utilized work hitting the 70 million imprint. The U.S government committed a critical extent of its consumption than ran into billions of dollars into programs that guide poor people. Be that as it may, neediness is yet to vanish in totality (Lofquist, Lugaila, Lofquist, and Feliz, 2012). This is on the grounds that even the 1980s and 90s, monetary developments have just decreased the number of inhabitants in the poor in the U.S horri dly. The way that expanded financial development can't tame destitution levels is an issue that has evoked various discussions. One such discussion concentrated on the presence of an underclass. These needy individuals have been distanced along social lines. These people neglect to coordinate with the ordinary qualities, thriving and motivating forces (Jenkins, 2012). Schiller chose to investigate the way of life of neediness to comprehend the explanation for the presence of this gathering inside the American populace. This culture ranges back to the frontier times when neediness was viewed as the indication of wrongdoing or a bad habit. This was inferable from the accessibility of chances of monetary security that could be obtained without anyone else aside from the dark man. In this unique circumstance, the destitute individuals were considered as ethically bankrupt and got brutal treatment. For example, the shoulders of the homeless people in Pennsylvania were set apart with lett er P to fill in as notice to clueless individuals from the populace. These sorts of culture depict how a few practices and standards added to the challenges while tending to neediness (Lofquist, Lugaila, Lofquist, and Feliz, 2012). Mishel, Bivens, Gould and Shierholz in The State of Working America, look at how the arrangement driven imbalance squares influence the expectations for everyday comforts for the low and center salary Americans. The creators share the view that the United States’ economy has never really improve the expectations for everyday comforts for greater part of American families. This is on the grounds that riches disparity accumulating from unreasonable ascent in pay and wages portrays the economy. The ascent in this pattern is owing to approach reactions that

Aggressive driving Essay

(1)Aggressive driving is a marvel, which has as of late got the open stressed. (2)The National Highway Traffic Safety Council (NHTSC) characterizes forceful driving as â€Å"the activity of an engine vehicle in a way that imperils or is probably going to jeopardize people or property†. (3)Actions, for example, running red lights, ill-advised passing, surpassing on the left, ill-advised path change, neglecting to yield, inappropriate turns, running stop signs, tailgaiting, indiscreet driving and speeding are instances of forceful driving.. (4)Such activities are hazardous to other street clients. (5)Aggressive driving ought to be kept away from in light of the fact that it causes accidents, wounds and fatalities. (6)The first motivation behind why forceful driving ought to be evaded is it causes crashes. (7)According to NHTSC between 78 percent (exorbitant speed) and 100 percent (ill-advised going) of the instances of forceful driving brought about car accidents and 96 percent of the drivers refered to for â€Å"following too closely† or tailgaitng caused crashes because of their forceful driving. (8)Moreover, â€Å"running red light†, â€Å"improper passing†, and â€Å"overtaking on the left† bested different classes of forceful driving in adding to car accidents. (9)Another motivation behind why forceful driving ought to be evaded is it causes injuries.(10) NHTSC states that the rates of the wounds brought about by forceful driving are, in practically all classifications of forceful driving, over 100 percent. (11)Furthermore, the Department of Highway Safety (DHS) reports this is because of the way that each engine vehicle crash represents at least one wounds. (12) It was discovered that of the ten classes of forceful driving, â€Å"running red light†, â€Å"failing to yield†, and â€Å"running stop signs† are the most genuine variables adding to wounds. (13)Yet another motivation behind why forceful driving ought to be kept away from is it causes fatalities. (14)†Overtaking on the left† gives off an impression of being the most significant contributing component in rush hour gridlock fatalities as it identifies with forceful driving. (15) â€Å"Improper path change†, â€Å"running stop sign† and â€Å"running red light† rank second through four regarding their commitment to traffic fatalities (DHS, 2008). (16)The above proof shows that forceful driving causes accidents, wounds and fatalities. (17) Hence, forceful driving ought to be stayed away from. (18)Since the opening of the North-South Highway, the quantity of kilometers of streets in the nation has expanded by one percent while the quantity of vehicle miles driven has expanded by 35 percent. (19) More vehicles and more drivers are likewise out and about, prompting progressively forceful drivers.

Inter Organizational Information Systems Information Technology Essay

Bury Organizational Information Systems Information Technology Essay In these decades, the greater part of the organizations depend on Information frameworks in each every angle. Because of globalization all the nations as well as the organizations on the planet attempt to alter with new innovation just as with the electronic frameworks, for example, data framework. These days organizations like to redistribute their organization exercises as opposed to tie with same ventures. Be that as it may, there is an out sourcing cost which must be conceived when the assignments of the organization are re-appropriated. There are such huge numbers of points of interest just as such a significant number of inconveniences can be seen like mystery data can be spread everywhere throughout the business by redistributing of such frameworks, for example, compensation frameworks, money related frameworks, HR frameworks, producing frameworks in an association. There are such a large number of data frameworks are found in organizations as finance frameworks, bookkeeping frameworks like AC pacc bundles, Accounting spread sheets, Oracle, SAGE, etc. They are giving a worth added preferred position to the business by limiting manual blunders, fakes and so on. Be that as it may, in re-appropriating of assembling elements of an association; center abilities, improving underway just as the quality must be considered before re-appropriating. Entomb hierarchical data framework is a significant instrument to complete authoritative exercises more than previously mentioned data frameworks. These sorts of frameworks are supporting to upgrade media transmission innovation among the specialty units. It is a decent sign for future markets. The between authoritative frameworks are likewise worked as aftereffect of e-business just as globalization. Significance of the Study This sorts of framework are significant in such huge numbers of hands like, can share data just as choice through and through by utilizing data frameworks. With the assistance of such frameworks associations can address every single sort of individuals the administrative individuals as well as in typical workers, for example, agents, peons, etc. Data framework really assumes a wide job in business world not just by giving data to the association body yet in addition by social affair realities, information, data from out - side which are valuable to the organization. Trading sharing thoughts among the specialty units is useful to make due in the business world, consequently between authoritative business acts significant job to satisfy such conditions. For instance, if in such organization separated in to specialty units as assembling unit, human asset unit, account unit, etc, this entomb authoritative data framework is a lot of basic to make co-appointment among these units and accomplish explicit objectives inside a base timespan. In present we can see such huge numbers of bookkeeping data bundles as referenced before to construct between association connection between bookkeeping divisions of same association. Most as of late, organizations like to out-source their capacities with outside organizations who give out-sourcing offices; in such circumstances between authoritative data framework go about as a connector of the primary business just as the out-sourcing units. This additionally can be utilized to get the upper hands by understanding the dangers and openings. Bury association data framework is one of the framework instruments which assists with making proficient in business in present day world since a large portion of the organizations dependent on training such frameworks more than prior decades because of new innovation. IOS conditions and its criticalness Todays world is notable for the specialized PC situated world. Reestablished associations absolutely rely upon the E-business (Electronic Business). E-Business demonstrates an awesome hotspot for the publicizing of item. E-Business is excellent case of developments and advancements just as improved aptitudes of innovation of an organization. So there can be seen a solid connection among IT and Inter-association framework. An industry has numerous branches like firms however every industry has its own IT (Information Technology). Each organization wants to spread its business in overall region, for example, worldwide organization. So there can be seen a longing to cause benefit, to draw in shoppers, offer offices to its own customers. There is a pattern of global exchange just as solid connection between an industry and outside accomplices. At the point when a companys will is on worldwide, at that point there will be significant purpose of re-appropriating. For the uprising of the bu siness and the entire firms of an industry attempts to offer a top notch creation to its clients, IT demonstrates a significant viewpoint for the headway of the association. At the point when an organization make an item then it needs to invest an enormous energy to see gain benefit, improve quality, customers, contenders, value, substitutes, request, gracefully chain, stock, just as inward and outside providers. For instance when an association delivers an item the significant focuses will be interest for the item, cost of the item and status of contenders among the business, when request increments for an item at that point consequently yield and contribution of the item builds as indicated by flexibly and cost. Substitutes are likewise including for the creation of the item. Request is adaptable, so creation is additionally adaptable. An item is constantly worked to arrange (BTO). It requires request, request, re-appropriate, utilized and so on. There can be seen long haul request just as transient interest, for example, the interest for comfortable garments increments in winter not in summers yet then again watch is all ways required. At the point wh en the cost of the item will diminish then interest will be expanded. The powerful strategies allowed by law demonstrate gainful for the further advancement of the association. Every association focuses on social, financial condition just as social, strategies, providers and purchasers show it how to oversee in the public eye. Between association framework is connected with providers and purchasers execution. Arranging and dynamic procedure is additionally identified with flexibly chain the board. Between association is likewise identified with market, for example, investors, stock, request factor. To improve flexibly chain the executives there is an arrangement of Quick Response System (QRS) along these lines an association can improve its relationship with providers/purchasers and between two gatherings. Gracefully chain the executives can develops itself by offer a high caliber of item just as great nature of crude material. A high caliber of the item will have capacity to give fulfillment of its client. The three notable degree of correspondence is small scale, meso and large scale. Smaller scale identified with independently, Meso identified with gathering and Macro identified with more extensive angle correspondence. Senior administration settles on choices for association to make item, to pick up benefit just as venture. RESEACRCH CONTRIBUTION I have broke down the more significant level of outside co-activity shared towards headway process productivity where entomb hierarchical frameworks permits firm to pick up sourcing trust over their providers. More significant level of Information framework may not be valuable for social occasion data from the market and contrast and the distinctive accessible choices. Data framework additionally gives the realities that the firm creates normalized and great confronting ferocious contenders by process productivity by working upgrade more significant level of organization. IOS permits the association to accomplish all the point target process arranged providers and purchasers. Troughs ought to be mindful so as to check the procedures which are satisfied by the workers on the base of IOS. It is disputable that utilizing ISO and gives advantage for value-based necessities. It can help association in the utilization of electronic framework to target advertise just as significant providers. Were as all the procedure can be accomplished just when the electronic framework is set up through coordinated framework. Proposals causes the chiefs to recognize the various realities of entomb hierarchical framework and settling on a choice and execution and the utilization of bury authoritative frameworks in various segments, the discoveries done by different specialists in the field of knowing the effects corresponding to the selection of the effect of Inter hierarchical framework. At the point when expected to augment and the arrangement identified with IOS ideas. Which likewise assists with remembering a lot more extensive degree for the upgrade most recent site based handling information framework and providers in co-activity or interrelationship with the administration framewo rk. This will progress and increment the investigating the different procedures and realities of ISO and it will likewise need to have progressively terrific inside and outside point of view usage. For instance by investigating done by Hard and Saunders(1998) he discovered that one procedure of EDI can decide or discover components of various procedures. In this manner we can investigate and decide the exhibition and usefulness of effect on entomb hierarchical framework. Hypothetical procedures and its capacities Between Organizational INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS INTERGRATION AND FUNCTIONS Heading of bury hierarchical data frameworks in the job of framework to human and framework to framework during the time spent powerful framework work for the different procedure carried on by the directions from the PC to PC and afterward to the procedure of the human getting interface. This can be comprehended by the accompanying Essentially there are 2 most significant parts in an entomb authoritative data frameworks that decides the right and successful working of the modified mechanized data administration in field of framework mixes are extensively grouped into 2 sections they are framework to framework and framework to human joining. The framework to framework fuse essentially causes the change of information between within the data frameworks of the executing information for an association is completely naturally done, there is no requirement for the human brain to be applied or not expected to include automated capacities t

Essential Essentials of Writing a Research Paper

Essential Essentials of Writing a Research PaperIn order to write a solid, informative research paper, you need to understand some of the fundamental aspects of writing. If you're like most people, you do not understand this. This article explains some of the fundamentals of writing that every good writer needs to understand.First, let's talk about the format of your research paper. The research paper should be written in a clear, concise manner. When writing, use a pen and paper and write down ideas that you want to include in your paper. Then go back over these ideas and write the outline of the paper.The outline is used to describe the various aspects of your research paper. These aspects can include the time period in which the study was conducted, the particular question that you are attempting to answer, and any other information that will help your reader comprehend your paper. Often, you will need to refer to other sources of information. For example, if you're conducting a s tudy of consumers who search for insurance quotes online, you'll want to refer to research studies about customers and websites. Keep these references in mind when researching.When writing your paper, always make sure that you spend a fair amount of time on your introduction. This is one of the most important parts of the paper. It should provide an overview of your topic. It should give your readers an idea of what it is that you are trying to explain. Try to avoid using more than two paragraphs to introduce your paper. Instead, try to use less than a paragraph and explain the basics of your topic briefly and in the most succinct way possible.You need to consider what kind of paper you are going to write before you start writing. There are many different types of research papers. You can write a thesis or you can write a case study. Although you can always add a supplementary report at the end of your paper, it is often a better idea to begin with a more introductory report. This w ill allow you to break your paper up into smaller parts that make it easier to digest.While writing your paper, you will have to decide the time frame in which you are doing your research. Consider the time frame you are looking at for this part of your paper. Are you conducting your research in one area over the course of a few weeks? Or do you want to conduct your research over several months?Finally, you need to consider how much additional research you are going to need to do. Depending on the type of research that you are conducting, you may need to obtain additional data. If you are conducting a case study, this may mean contacting friends and relatives of the individuals involved. If you are conducting a research study, this may mean contacting your local library. It is important to know how much time you need to devote to completing the additional research.Writing is a craft. With these fundamentals in mind, you should be able to write a quality research paper that will be r ead by your audience.

Personal Statement for Master’s Degree in Nutritional Science - 550 Words

Personal Statement for Master's Degree in Nutritional Science (Personal Statement Sample) Content: NameDatePersonal StatementDietetics has a unique appeal in my life. My passion for dietetics emanated from the positive influence of dietitians on the society, as demonstrated by my uncle, who is a successful community dietitian. My aim is to gain as much knowledge as possible in this field so that I can make a positive impact on the international community. I am normally disturbed by the high rate of obesity and other nutrition-related diseases. I envision a happier society that is free from nutrition-related illnesses. This is what lured me to pursuing Food and Nutrition at the University of Southern Indiana. Honestly, for the past four years I have been at the university, learning has been an adventure for me. The universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s willingness to develop professionals, resources, culture and interpersonal relations has helped me to gain comprehensive knowledge, which has enabled me to better understand the science behind food and nutrition and its benefits to the society. Although I am just about to graduate, I feel that my thirst for knowledge in this field has not been fully quenched. It is my hope that a Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Degree in Nutritional Science will give me the knowledge that I desperately need.I am also pursuing the Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s program to meet my academic goals. My area of research interest entails the determination of diets that could efficiently and effectively reduce obesity and other nutrition-related diseases. Obesity is a dangerous disease that opens the door to other illnesses such as heart disease among others. This program will equip me with comprehensive research skills that will enable me to do more research on food and nutrition. Besides, I am highly interested in working with like-minded people during the program so that, together, we can formulate a more solid solution to the nutritional problems facing the global fraternity. The Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Degree will also act as a gateway toward the attainmen t of a Ph.D. Degree in the future.My professional goal is to become an internationally accredited dietitian so that I can extend my influence beyond the Indian borders. That is why I am highly interested in advancing my studies in an internationally accredited university. Nutritional problems are everywhere around the world, and I feel that it is my responsibility to contribute to the development of a long lasting solution. In this regard, I plan to specialize as a Research Dietitian in the future. This specialization will give me the opportunity to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in areas of dietetics, by planning and implementing projects that...

Summary Of Jacob Struggles With God - 1907 Words

Introduction: â€Å"Jacob Struggles with God† is a selection that came from the book of Genesis chapter 32. Genesis describes God’s creation of earth and his first interactions with human beings. Throughout the Bible, there are many instances and occasions where the almighty Lord God demonstrates his strength and power. In Genesis chapter 32, a strange man appeared before Jacob, who is the son of Isaac and Rebekah, and they wrestled until daybreak. In Genesis 25:23, when the Lord was talking to Rebekah he said, â€Å"Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples born of you shall be divided; the one shall be stronger than the other, the elder shall serve the younger.† The story of Jacob, the younger son, and the story of Esau, the older son is a†¦show more content†¦The timeline of genesis begins with God’s creation of earth and ends with the death of Joseph, who was the eleventh of Jacob’s twelve sons. Although it is not possible to date the creation o f earth, it is possible to determine the dates of events in Genesis. The birth of Abraham was approximately in 2166 B.C and the death of Joseph was approximately 1806 B.C. The book was originally written in Hebrew, and its Hebrew name was Bereshith, which means â€Å"The Beginning†. Eventually it was translated from Hebrew to Greek in approximately 250 B.C. One of the purposes of writing Genesis was to trace major historical events from the beginning of time. Many different writers wrote parts of Genesis, but Moses, the messenger of the Lord, received credit for putting it together. Genesis 5:8 states, â€Å"So all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years, and he died.† It is a mystery to me why not only Seth, but Enosh, Kenan, Noah, and many others lived very long lifespans. After the first flood, people’s lifespans decreased dramatically and the Genesis time period became a period of survival. Abraham died of old age at one hundred seventy-five years. As the story of Genesis progressed, people’s lives became more difficult. They were not technologically or medically advanced. The life span of an average person became pretty small and people fought for survival every day. They fought each other for land and for power. Men worked

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Abolitionist Pamphlet Campaign

In the summer of 1835 the growing abolitionist movement attempted to influence public opinion in the slave states by mailing thousands of anti-slavery pamphlets to addresses in the South. The material inflamed southerners, who broke into post offices, seized bags of mail containing the pamphlets, and made a spectacle of burning the pamphlets in the streets as mobs cheered. The interference with the postal system created a crisis at the federal level. And the battle over use of the mails  illuminated how the issue of slavery was splitting the nation decades before the Civil War. In the North, calls to censor the mails were naturally seen as a violation of Constitutional rights. In the slave states of the South, the literature produced by the American Anti-Slavery Society was viewed as a dire threat to southern society. On a practical level, the local postmaster in Charleston, South Carolina, requested guidance from the postmaster general in Washington, who essentially dodged the issue. After a spasm of demonstrations in the South, in which effigies representing abolitionist leaders were burned as anti-slavery pamphlets were thrown into bonfires, the battleground moved on to the halls of Congress. President Andrew Jackson  even mentioned the mailing of the pamphlets in his annual message to Congress (the forerunner of the State of the Union Address). Jackson advocated suppressing the literature by having federal authorities censor the mails. Yet his approach was challenged by an eternal rival, Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who advocated for local censorship of federal mail. In the end, the campaign of the abolitionists to mail pamphlets southward was essentially abandoned as being impractical. So the immediate issue of censoring the mails died out. And the abolitionists  changed tactics and began to concentrate on sending petitions to Congress to advocate for the end of slavery. Strategy of the Pamphlet Campaign The idea of mailing thousands of anti-slavery pamphlets into the slave states began to take hold in the early 1830s. The abolitionists couldnt send human agents to preach against slavery, as they would be risking their lives. And, thanks for the financial backing of the Tappan brothers, wealthy New York City merchants who had become devoted to the abolitionist cause, the most modern printing technology was made available to spread the message. The material produced, which included pamphlets and broadsides (large sheets designed to be passed around or hung as posters), tended to have woodcut illustrations depicting the horrors of slavery. The material may look crude to modern eyes, but in the 1830s it would have been considered fairly professional printed material. And the illustrations were particularly inflammatory to southerners. As slaves tended to be illiterate (as was generally mandated by law), the existence of printed material showing slaves being whipped and beaten was seen as particularly inflammatory. Southerners claimed the printed material from the American Anti-Slavery Society was intended to provoke slave uprisings. And knowing the abolitionists had the funding and personnel to turn out printed material of substantial quality was disturbing to pro-slavery Americans. End of the Campaign The controversy over censoring the mails essentially ended the pamphlet campaign. Legislation to open and search the mails failed in Congress, but local postmasters, with the tacit approval of their superiors in the federal government, still suppressed the pamphlets. Ultimately, the American Anti-Slavery Society came to realize that a point had been made. And the movement began to concentrate on other initiatives, most prominently the campaign to create strong anti-slavery action in the House of Representatives. The pamphlet campaign, within about a year, was essentially abandoned.

Bullying Is A Serious Problem - 2278 Words

Bullying has become a very serious problem in today’s schools, with one in four kids being bullied on a regular basis (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). More specifically kids between sixth and tenth grade are more likely to have involvement in bullying (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). Bullying can include physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation intended to cause fear, or harm to someone (Ttofi Farrington, 2010). Verbal bullying accounts for about 77% of all bullying (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). This can include spreading rumors, yelling, name calling, or other derogatory language based on race, gender, and more (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). Today with social medias popularity, cyber bullying has become increasingly popular, with 80% of high school students having reported being witness to, or being involved in cyber bullying (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). Due to the increase in technology and a multitude of apps, bullying can be done on phones, computers, and other forms of technology (Issurdatt, 2010). Text messages, emails, and posting pictures have become a major problem and easier for students to join in on the bullying behaviors (Issurdatt, 2010). This can make it difficult for schools to get involved because of the amount of bullying that continues outside of school. These are only a few examples of why anti-bullying programs are needed at a school-wide level. Students who are bullied continue to experience poor self-esteem,Show MoreRelatedIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1176 Words   |  5 PagesHundreds of years bullying has been going on, how long will it finally stop? In the United States Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year, according to the CDC. For every suicide among young people, there are at least 100 suicide attempts. Over 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide, and almost 7 percent have attempted it. Bullying is a Very serious social matter that needs to stop, Bullying related suicideRead MoreIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1683 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Problem Bullying has been an ongoing problem all over the world for as long as people can remember. Bullying by definition is, to use superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is a very serious problem, victims of bullying are more prone to depression. Bullying does not affect just one group, it can happen to anyone making it a prevalent threat to all of society. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school everyRead MoreBullying : A Serious Problem1326 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of bullying may seem insignificant and petty, but the truth is we are conditioned to ignore it. 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V ictimization or bullying by peers has been identified as an area of major concern for school students (KochenderferRead MoreThe Internet and Cyberbullying Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesCyber Bullying Nowadays, the Internet is regarded as the most widely used source of social media and the fastest way to exchange knowledge and information all over the world, playing a vital role in everyone’s daily life. The internet has countless functions, useful for everyday work and entertainment, but it is being abused by people nowadays. One of the ways it is being abused is by cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when people use the internet to make fun of others, belittle them, andRead MoreThe Dangers Of Bullying That Teens And Kids Face811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Bullying that Teens and Kids Face Getting kidnapped, having problems with drugs, being bullied, and teen pregnancy are just a few of the many dangers that teens and kids face every day. One of the biggest concerns today is bullying. Bullying can happen anywhere and is a problem that affects millions of kids and teens each year. Bullying is defined as an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated

Policy In Pakistan - 997 Words

US policy in Pakistan largely centres around expending military aid to combat regional terrorism and facilitate peace in Afghanistan. However, it has hardly achieved any tangible results. The Pakistani army, which supersedes it’s elected government, diverted these funds towards anti-India terror factions for covert proxy wars due to it’s historic rivalry with India. These terror factions carried out the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008, attracting censure from Pakistan’s civilians and international condemnation at a time when US strategic convergence with India was growing. Simultaneous changes in Pakistan’s military leadership led to attempts to dissolve these groups, who turned on it instead. They subsequently allied themselves with†¦show more content†¦The fundamental problem was a lack of leverage : Pakistan had no interest in a peaceful Afghanistan but the US had no other partner to turn to. Eventually, the Pakistan army lost control over some of these terror groups, who linked up with al-Qaeda, Taliban and more recently, the Islamic State, across the porous Afghanistan border. In light of pressure from the US and it’s growing non-state actors, the Pakistan military attempted to curb these groups but failed. Consequently, these groups pledged alliance to one of al-Qaeda, Taliban or the Islamic State and amped up terror attacks within Pakistan. This reached the tipping point in December 2014, when members of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan killed 243 children in an army school. In response, the Pakistani army killed 3500 terrorists of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and other internal terror factions in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) near the Afghanistan border, over the last two years. Simultaneously, the Pakistani media blamed the US for Pakistan’s thriving internal violence and anti-American sentiment amongst civilians grew. While this was a major counter-terrorism initiative, Pakistan has an episodic history of reverting to proxy terrorism. It continues to harbour anti-India terror groups, which could be refocused towards India, once tensions with the Tehrik-i-Taliban subside and Pakistan could resume double crossing the US. However,Show MoreRelatedMonetary Policy in Pakistan1045 Words   |  5 PagesMonetary policy in Pakistan | By Dr. M. Hanif Akhtar,   Department of Commerce,   B. Z. University, Multan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aug 28 - Sep 03, 2000Monetary policy in Pakistan has been used in co-ordination with the fiscal policy to achieve both the objectives of macro-economic stability and higher economic growth. The government supervises monetary situation of economy through the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). This article attempts to present an overviewRead MoreMonetary Policy of Pakistan6412 Words   |  26 PagesMONETARY POLICY [A REVIEW] [2009] BBA-Morning-2007 Saira Yoususf†¦Roll # 18 Mehwish Khalil†¦Roll # 14 Salman Ahmed†¦Roll # 09 Farhan Ahmed†¦Roll # 23 Nasir Hanif†¦Roll # 49 Zaid Munir†¦Roll # 46 Presented to: PROF. HASSAN KAMRAN Presented by: Saira Yousaf†¦roll no. 18 Mehwish Khalil†¦roll no.14 Salman Ahmed†¦roll no. 09 Farhan Ahmed†¦roll no. 23 Nasir Hanif†¦roll no.49 Zaid Munir†¦roll no.46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The most important acknowledge is to our Lord Most Merciful MostRead MorePopulation Policy of Pakistan3392 Words   |  14 Pagespercent in previous decades to its current level of 2.1 percent per annum, Pakistan still has an unacceptably high rate of growth compared to other developing countries. Therefore the Government of Pakistan is attaching the highest priority to the lowering of the population growth rate (PGR) from its current level to 1.9 percent per annum by the year 2004 and to reaching replacement level of fertility by the year 2020. Pakistan is faced with its ever-largest adolescent population, because of its highRead MoreDisaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan13687 Words   |  55 PagesA Review of Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan for WCDR 2005 January, 2005 Islamabad Abbreviations 1 ADB Asian Development Bank AJK Azad Jammu Kashmir DCO District Coordination Officer DERA Drought Emergency Relief Assistance DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance ECF Energy Conservation Fund EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERC Emergency Relief Cell FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FFC Federal Flood Commission GDO Goods Dispatch OrganizationRead More1950s Trade Policies of Pakistan1762 Words   |  8 PagesPeriod II:  The Golden Sixties, 1958 to 19695 Ayub Khan, the first military dictator of Pakistan, assumed complete control of the state in October 1958 and reigned over the golden period of Pakistan’s economic history. With the help of Harvard advisors, Khan vigorously implemented the Planning Commission on Economic Management and Reforms with impressive results.6 GDP growth in this decade jumped to an average annual rate of 6 percent from 3 percent in the 1950s. The manufacturing sector expandedRead MoreForeign Policy of Pakistan from 1947 to 201210146 Words   |  41 PagesPakistan Foreign Policy: Form 1947 to 2012 Shahnawaz Mohammad Khan PhD Candidate DepartmentRead MoreOpen skies policy: In the 1990 the government of Pakistan takes on an open skies aviation policy,1100 Words   |  5 PagesOpen skies policy: In the 1990 the government of Pakistan takes on an open skies aviation policy, and signed a memo of considerate with a number of countries of the state and external. These work out were take on in great speed without really considerate the insinuation of â€Å"open skies â€Å" PIA, which was at that time mostly needy upon domestic and cultural passenger traffic, unexpectedly set up itself challenging with carries at home. The result disorder led to more confusion in the minds of underfessionalRead MoreFactors Affecting Dividend Payout Policy of Oil and Gas Sector in Pakistan4865 Words   |  20 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Dividend policy is the decision for the firm to pay out earnings verses retaining and reinvesting them. Dividend decision has remained one of the tough challenges for financial economists. We are yet to understand completely the factors that influence dividend decision and the manner in which these factors interact. From the practitioner’s viewpoint dividend policy of a firm has an implication for investors, managers, lenders and other stakeholders. For investors, dividendsRead MorePakistan is one of the poorest countries in the world, with many of its citizens living below the1000 Words   |  4 PagesPakistan is one of the poorest countries in the world, with many of its citizens living below the poverty line. It is an agro based country thus the revenue that is earned through agriculture is not enough to support the rapidly growing population. In the mids of the 1980’s Pakistan was facing a staggering economy due to the energy crisis all around the world. The main crisis that Pakistan is facing is due to the instability of the government. Largely Pakistan is divided between two Parties PakistanRead MoreExport Promotion Of Import Substitution1182 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped ones , often use policies of trade liberalization to boost up their exports. The most commonly used policy is import substitution. However, sometimes export promotion also becomes a prominent part of country s economic policy. Unfortunately, Pakistan has never had a consistent, coherent and well-articulated trade policy. Trading patterns have closely followed a cycle defined by a major departure from and return to protectionist import substitution policies. For Pakistan, import substitution

Introduction to Management  Accounting

Question: CompletetheT accountsanddeterminethefollowing: i. WorkinProcessattheendofApril; ii. RawmaterialspurchasedinApril; iii. OverheadappliedinApril; iv. CostofGoodssoldinApril; v. RawmaterialsusedinApril;and, vi. Over orunder appliedoverheadinApril. Answer: The following account elucidates accounting aspects, more precisely using ledger accounting in the form of T procedure (Christ and Burritt 2013). The subsequent computation would elucidate to what extent raw materials are being used in the month of April and other key indicators (Bjrnenak 2013). Here, overheads play an important role too. The computation of Total Cost of Goods sold in the month of April is explained below. Particulars Amount Opening Goods Inventory 11,000 Add: Cost of Goods Manufactured 489000 Goods available for sale 500,000 Less: Closing goods for Inventory -16000 Add: Under-allocation 12,500 Total Cost of Goods Sold 496,500 Further to that the overall computation of Overheads applied in April is explained below: Particulars Amount Amount Direct Materials Raw Materials Inventory 12000 Add: Cost of Raw Materials purchased 180000 Total Raw Materials 192000 Less: Closing Raw Materials -12000 Raw Materials (Total) 180000 Direct Labor 182000 Overheads Indirect Labor 118000 Depreciation: Factory Building 16000 Depreciation: Factory Equipment 14000 Insurance: Factory 8000 Tax: Factory 4500 Repairs and maintenance: 8000 Total 168500 Less: Under-allocation -12500 Applied Manufacturing Overheads 156000 Total Manufacturing Costs 518000 Add: Opening WIP Inventory 4500 522500 Less: Closing WIP Inventory -33500 Cost of Goods Manufactured 489000 The computation of Work-In-Progress at the end of April in T-Accounts form is laid below: Work-In-Progress Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount April To, Bal b/f 4,500 31/03/.. By, Finished Goods 489,000 To, Raw Materials 180,000 By Bal c/f 33,500 To, Direct Labour 182,000 To, Overheads 156,000 522,500 522,500 The Computation of Cost of Goods sold at the end of the year in T-Accounts form is laid below: CGS Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount April To, Finished Goods 484,000 31/03/.. By, P L A/c 496,500 To, Overheads 12,500 496,500 496,500 Total Overheads being applied in the month of April: Overheads Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount April To, Act. Overheads 168,500 31/03/.. By, WIP 156,000 By, COGS 12,500 168,500 168,500 Accounts payable computation: Account Payable Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount To, Payment 18,000 01/04/.. By, Bal b/f 12,000 31/03/.. To, Bal c/f 174,000 By, Raw Materials 180,000 192,000 192,000 Here, finished goods form a vital segment and hence the computation is laid below: Finished Goods Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 01/04/.. To, Bal b/f 11,000 31/03/.. By, Cost of Goods Sold 484,000 To, WIP 489,000 By Bal c/f 16,000 500,000 500,000 The Raw materials that are being utilized during the year are computed below: Raw Materials Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount April To, Bal B/F 12,000 31/03/.. By, WIP 180,000 To, Purchases 180,000 By Bal c/f 12,000 192,000 192,000 The overall analysis and computation portray the financial and cost segment of the firm in consideration on a broader perspective (Leauby and Wentzel 2012). The vital aspects like Cost of goods sold, WIP or Work in progress clearly outlines that the organization is in good stead as far as operations are concerned (Leauby and Wentzel 2012). References: Bjrnenak, T., 2013. 4. Management accounting tools in banks: are banks without budgets more profitable?. Managing in Dynamic Business Environments: Between Control and Autonomy, p.51. Christ, K.L. and Burritt, R.L., 2013. Environmental management accounting: the significance of contingent variables for adoption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, pp.163-173. Leauby, B.A. and Wentzel, K., 2012. Linking Management Accounting and Finance: Assessing Student Perceptions. Strategic Finance, 93(11). Lukka, K. and Vinnari, E., 2014. Domain theory and method theory in management accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(8), pp.1308-1338.

Communication and Acculturation of Migrant

Question: Discuss about the Communication and Acculturation of Migrant. Answer: Introduction The marketing activity is one of the most important tasks of the organization especially when it wishes to venture into new market segments. The marketing communication is one of the most basic as well as fundamental part of the marketing efforts (Belch et al., 2014). These comprise of the messages as well as media for spreading the communication in the market. This process is important for greater market penetration in new markets segments. The marketing communication process comprises of different element such as branding, packaging, online presence, PR activities, sponsorships, advertising and others (Belch et al., 2014). This report would focus on the marketing communication plan of a fast food restaurant known as Burger Hut which is going to introduce new products in the market. It is going to launch hamburgers with basil cream sauce. The company Burger Hut started its operations in the year 2010. It is based in Singapore and is recently looking for rapid expansion schemes. This would require the intervention of promotional campaigns and extensive communication with the general public. This report is a marketing communication plan which is used to convey the marketing communication strategy of the company along with the objectives of the marketing communications. An evaluation method of the marketing communication would be devised and one sample print advertisement would also be designed for the company. Situation Analysis using PESTEL It is important to analyze the macro environment of the fast food restaurant so that the marketing communication plan can be designed accordingly (Grnig Khn, 2015). It is also important to analyze the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors of the company by using a PESTEL analysis (Grnig Khn, 2015). The fast food restaurant has been doing business in Singapore for the last seven years and is highly influenced by the political scenario of the country. The changes in the political rules of the country and business regulations affect the functioning of the company. There can be changes in the taxation laws, labor laws, food administration laws and other food regulations act (Picciotto Mayne, 2016). Singapore is a bureaucratic country in which the Government has the ability to control the political scenario of the country (Rodan, 2016). Singapore Government believes in the communication of its efforts directly to the public and not support the gathering of public opinion. The Singapore Government can be considered as an amalgamation of the bureaucracy and democracy (Picciotto Mayne, 2016). The company needs to take care of the food safety regulations in the country and follow them in the manufacturing of the food items. Economic factors The economy of Singapore is impacted by different industries all around the world. Singapore is considered as one of the most open economy of the world and it is considered as highly stable economy (Cohn, 2015). The Government of Singapore has least foreign debt and the government revenue is high. The government revenue is in surplus for the Singaporean economy (Reddy, Nangia Agrawal, 2014). It has also shown its strength during global economic crisis in 2007-2008 when many of the economies of the neighboring countries slashed (Reddy, Nangia Agrawal, 2014). The country emerged as the fastest growing economy of the world and there are important industries that contribute to the development of the economy such as exports of electronic goods, tourism, financial services and the largest cargo seaport in the world (Takala et al., 2014). The Singapores economy is growing at the rate of 4.9% every year and the people have high disposable income (Jomo, 2016). The GDP of the country is $62, 200 per capita and this is the main reason for attracting the different food businesses (Takala et al., 2014). The area of Singapore is less and hence it would be easy for the company to penetrate well in the market. Social factors The company should know how to manage the different socio-cultural population of the country. The standard of living of Singapore is quite high and hence the company would be able to capture a lucrative market here (Shiller, 2015). The population of Singapore comprises of the different cultural as well as social background. It is also a tourist based country who is the biggest consumer of the fast foods (Shiller, 2015). However, the company should make it sure to include different tastes as well as preferences in their food menu. Technological factors Singapore is considered as a technologically developed country which implies that it would provide ample opportunities for distribution, production and marketing opportunities (Lim Pham, 2016). Burger Hut primarily should use different promotional channels such as television, internet and other activities which would strengthen the brand value. Environmental factors The company should take care of the environmental factors that are directly or indirectly related with the fast food operation business. The Ministry of Environment and Anti-Pollution Unit functions seamlessly in order to maintain the air quality as well as other environmental factors (Zhou et al., 2015). The country is also characterized by high levels of pollution which is characterized by industrial carbon dioxide emissions (Zhou et al., 2015). Burger Hut should take care of the legislations of the country pertaining to the food industry. It should consider the local health regulations, animal welfare regulations and the minimum wage levels in the country. Issues in Marketing Communication There are various issues in the marketing communication which should be considered by the company. The primary issue in the marketing process is concerned with the failure to determine the actual objective of the marketing process (Babin Zikmund, 2015). The companies are often unaware of the desired customer response regarding the product purchases, altering of the product perceptions and the increased affinity towards products purchase behavior. There are issues with the analysis of the competitors. If the company is unable to gauge the strengths of the competitors then it would not be able to place its products uniquely in the minds of the customers (Babin Zikmund, 2015). There are instances when there is no mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing campaign. There are limited research of the companies to analyze their effectiveness regarding PR campaigns, advertising and other brand promotion. There can also be issues with the inadequate communication tools whi ch are used to interact with the stakeholders (Babin Zikmund, 2015). SMART objectives Burger Hut should design its aims and objectives for formulating the marketing communication plan. It is important to notify the stakeholder the reason of existence of the business and the reason for formulating the specific marketing communication plan (Laurenius Wikstrm, 2016). The goals should be formulated with the help of S.M.A.R.T objectives as below- Specific The aim of the fast food restaurant is to increase the number of footfalls in their restaurant and to become one of the most popular brands in Singapore. The brand aims to increase the visibility of their brand in the market and gain acceptance of the customers. Measurable The restaurant aims to have an average number of 25-30 orders per day and approximately 700 orders in every month. The aim of the restaurant is to increase the revenue generation and make a profit of around 4% every year. It strives to decrease the operational cost so that there is an increase in the profit margin. Achievable The company is certain that the objectives formulated can be achieved. The company believes in the gradual business growth rather than non-rational business objectives. An achievable goal is also important for motivation of the employees and this can be done only through the process of efficient planning (Lau Roopnarain, 2014). Realistic The company believes that the primary difference in between the realistic objectives and the achievable objectives is the resource planning. The objectives are realistic and are practical. The company aims to achieve the objectives within 10 months from the launch of the new products. Marketing Communications Strategy and Implementation Tactics 4 Ps of marketing The 4Ps of marketing for the product would comprise of the following elements- Product The hamburgers would provide innovative, tasty and healthy options for the customers so that they can choose and select their favorite food option. These kinds of products would help the company in gaining competitive advantage by targeting the youths. The USP of the products would be healthy ingredients. Price The price of the new products would be moderate which would be not so expensive so that the young generation can afford it. Place There should be more number of outlets of the restaurants so that more number of customers can avail the food items of the restaurant. There should be expansion of the existing restaurant places which would let the food joint to increase their sales. Promotion Burger Hut should create innovative advertising campaign for greater market penetration of the new products of the company. It should utilize music in their advertisement campaigns and should use mainstream artists to include the word Burger Huts Basil Cream Sauce in their advertisement jingles. It should implement mobile apps so that they can influence the modern youth and kids who are tech savvy (Izquierdo-Yusta, Olarte-Pascual Reinares-Lara, 2015). It should use viral videos on popular sites such as YouTube which would help the company to advertise about their products. It would also allow the viewers to pass the videos to their family and friends. Personal selling The brand should engage in personal selling which would make the brand visible in the market. It should implement Burger Van which would be selling the products of the company by moving around from one place to another. This mobile van concept would not only increase the sale of the company but would also give an opportunity to the customers to interact with their favorite brand in their own locality (Izquierdo-Yusta, Olarte-Pascual Reinares-Lara, 2015). It is also recommended that the company should use flyers, brochures and pamphlets and distribute them to the individual homes. Sales Promotion The brand should engage in the distribution of coupons within the project target market. These coupons would allow the customers to purchase the food products at lower cost. The company can tie up with websites such as Groupon in order to offer the coupons to the general public (Strauss, 2016). This would increase the sales of the company. It should use innovative promotional offers such as Get a Choco lava cake with Basil Cream sauce Burger, Buy 3 burgers and get 1 free and get additional hot dog with purchase of minimum $24. It should also focus on the sponsorship campaigns for the purpose of greater brand visibility (Strauss, 2016). It should sponsor popular television programs, road shows and reality shows which would present the companys product to the general public. Public Relations The company should identify the public relation strategy which would increase the revenue generation of the company. It should try to create dedicated page on the social networking sites which would help the company to interact with the audience (Gilmour et al., 2013). If the customer faces any issues with the products of the company then they can share them on the social media page. The company should answer the customer queries on a regular basis which would make the people love the company (Gilmour et al., 2013). It should organize media tours which would make it to publicize their company where the key people of the organization would travel to various places for product promotion. This would be done through the help of various interviews to the media persons who would be promoting the company in the minds of the public. Direct Marketing The fast food restaurant should send direct mail to the existing customers and try to promote their fast foods to the young population (Kotler et al., 2015). It should implement innovative offers such as Buy one get one free burger on Wednesdays, New menu offerings on weekends and interaction with the prospective clients in busy areas such as shopping malls. It should also track the areas from which their maximum customers belong so that they can target their marketing procedures accordingly (Kotler et al., 2015). The brand should also engage in customer surveys which would help the brand to determine their popular products. Interactive Branding The company should try to implement innovative marketing tactics which would make the company representatives talk freely with the customers. It should try to devise online interactive games for children who would then receive subtle advertising regarding the combo burger offerings of the company (Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Smith Tosca, 2016). It should also use radio medium such as Ria 89.7 FM, Gold 90.5 FM, Symphony 92.4 FM and others. This medium should be used to interact live with the audience and promote the products of the company. Branding and Positioning The company should focus on brand value of its fast food products. It should focus on quality rather than focus on price. It should try to create differentiated branding by focusing on healthier food options (Namkung Jang, 2013). In the restaurants, they should create hip urban ambience which would be coupled with quality food offered to the customers. It should also position itself as a healthy food alternative in the fast food category. Proposed Evaluation and Control methods Burger Hut should implement the following evaluation as well as control methods so that it would be able to use the effectiveness of the marketing evaluation plan- Check return on investment of the company over a period of 10 months considering the KPIs and the objectives of the marketing communication plan Conducting customer surveys for assessing the success of the promotion campaigns of the company Evaluating the sales number of the company and analyzing the market expansion of the company Analyzing the response of the competitors towards the marketing campaigns of the company Market share analysis of the company Sales analysis should be done which would determine the before situation and the after situation of the company. Recommendations The company should focus on the creation of unique selling proposition of the brand by highlighting the healthy burgers of the company. It is a common conception that the fast foods including the burgers are unhealthy and contain a high amount of fats and calories. This belief should be addressed properly by the company and hence the focus of the advertisements should be on the healthy food options. The advertisement of the company would depict an unhealthy burger comprising of cheese along with an overweight lady who would be eating an unhealthy burger. Another side of the advertisement would feature a healthy burger devoid of cheese along with the picture of a fit man doing jogging. This would depict healthy burger option, which is a unique product of Burger Hut. It is important to circulate this advertisement in a variety of medium so that it catches the attention of most of the customers. Conclusion The marketing communication plan is one of the most important functions of the marketing department of an organization. This report has focused on a fictitious fast food restaurants known as Burger Hut. It performed a situation analysis of the company in Singapore, which is the primary area of operation. The situation analysis is done with the help of PESTEL analysis. The marketing communication objectives are determined along with the SMART objectives. The various issues in the marketing communication are determined. The various issues are failure to determine the actual objective, analysis of the competitors, no mechanism for evaluating and inadequate communication tools. The marketing communication strategy is determined with focus on advertising, Personal selling, Sales Promotion, Public Relations, Direct Marketing, Interactive Branding and Branding and Positioning. The evaluation as well as control methods is determined along with sample print advertisement. References Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015).Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Belch, G. E., Belch, M. A., Kerr, G. F., Powell, I. (2014).Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Cohn, T. (2015).Global political economy. Routledge. Egenfeldt-Nielsen, S., Smith, J. H., Tosca, S. P. (2016).Understanding video games: The essential introduction. Routledge. Gilmour, P., Borg, G., Duffy, P. A., Johnston, N. D., Limbek, B. E., Shaw, M. R. (2013). Customer service: differentiating by market segment.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Grnig, R., Khn, R. (2015). Global Environmental Analysis. InThe Strategy Planning Process(pp. 89-96). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Izquierdo-Yusta, A., Olarte-Pascual, C., Reinares-Lara, E. (2015). Attitudes toward mobile advertising among users versus non-users of the mobile Internet.Telematics and Informatics,32(2), 355-366. Jomo, K. S. (2016).Growth and structural change in the Malaysian economy. Springer. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Manceau, D., Hmonnet-Goujot, A. (2015).Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lau, C. M., Roopnarain, K. (2014). The effects of nonfinancial and financial measures on employee motivation to participate in target setting.The British Accounting Review,46(3), 228-247. Laurenius, A., Wikstrm, N. (2016). International Business-to-Business companies utilization of specific social.communications,6(4), 55-72. Lim, S. S., Pham, B. (2016). If you are a foreigner in a foreign country, you stick together: Technologically mediated communication and acculturation of migrant students.new media society,18(10), 2171-2188. Namkung, Y., Jang, S. S. (2013). Effects of restaurant green practices on brand equity formation: Do green practices really matter?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 85-95. Picciotto, S., Mayne, R. (Eds.). (2016).Regulating international business: beyond liberalization. Springer. Reddy, K. S., Nangia, V. K., Agrawal, R. (2014). The 20072008 global financial crisis, and cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A 26-nation exploratory study.Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies,6(3), 257-281. Rodan, G. (2016).The political economy of Singapore's industrialization: national state and international capital. Springer. Shiller, R. J. (2015).Irrational exuberance. Princeton university press. Strauss, J. (2016).E-marketing. Routledge. Takala, J., Hmlinen, P., Saarela, K. L., Yun, L. Y., Manickam, K., Jin, T. W., ... Lin, G. S. (2014). Global estimates of the burden of injury and illness at work in 2012.Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene,11(5), 326-337. Zhou, J., Chen, A., Cao, Q., Yang, B., Chang, V. W. C., Nazaroff, W. W. (2015). Particle exposure during the 2013 haze in Singapore: Importance of the built environment.Building and Environment,93, 14-23.

Undergraduate Admission Essay Sample - Tips to Organize a College Essay

Undergraduate Admission Essay Sample - Tips to Organize a College EssayIf you are applying for an undergraduate admission essay, you will want to make sure that your paper is not only well written, but very well organized as well. Organizing your paper is not easy, but it is a skill that you will pick up over time. Before you submit your essay, take the time to prepare it by making a few essential tips. Here are some organizing tips for undergrad admission essays.The first tip for organizing a college essay is to keep it simple. It can be tempting to throw in a bunch of facts about yourself and then write in your own words. But this is not the best way to organize a college essay.Write down a list of topics that you want to cover in your college essay. These topics may include a summary of your accomplishments, your volunteer work, or a personal statement. After you decide what topic you want to cover, make a list of all the points that you want to include in your essay. Organize the se points into bullet points and start writing each one. Make sure that each point has its own space in the document.One of the best things about the undergraduate admission essay sample is that it can guide you through the process of writing an essay. If you get stuck, you can always go back and look at the sample. Most samples have prewritten essays, but you will find that there are sections that require more creativity. Take some time to think about the points that you would like to emphasize. For example, you may want to discuss your achievements in your extracurricular activities.Once you have figured out the sections that you want to cover, you will need to think about your writing skills. Not all essays are the same. While most of them focus on an introduction and a conclusion, others are open ended.A good undergraduate admission essay sample can help you determine whether or not you have the skills to write an effective introduction or conclusion. You will also want to focus on whether or not you have the skills to effectively structure a coherent body of work.Lastly, make sure that you include a resource box for the college admission essay sample. This is a place where you can include information about yourself, such as your names, the names of your high school teachers, or the names of your college advisors. It is also a place where you can put in a little writing advice that you might want to share with other students who are reading your admissions essay. The more you can include here, the better.Remember that you are not just writing an undergraduate admission essay, but an important part of the admissions process. Make sure that you plan everything out carefully and that you can put all of your thoughts down in the space allotted. This will help you achieve the success that you want.Creating a college admissions essay is not the easiest thing to do, but if you follow these tips, you should be able to make the process go smoothly. The decision is a serious one, and you want to make sure that you are doing everything you can to get into your dream school. It is definitely not easy, but following these tips will help you get the perfect college admission essay.

Desert Storm Intelligence Operation

Knowledge and Learning Essays

Knowledge and Learning Essays Knowledge and Learning Essay Knowledge and Learning Essay There are different educational theories and practices describing how students gain knowledge (McAskill, Holmes, Francis-Pelton, Watt, 2004). According to MacAskill, Holmes, Francis-Pelton and Watt (2004) These theories fall roughly into two conceptual categories - the acquisitionist group and the participationist group. The acquisitionist group view learning and knowledge as a cognitive approach that uses cognitive schemes, models, concept images, or misconceptions while the participationist group view learning as an activity in which learners are integrated with a community of practice.In this context, the study will examine two different educational theories from each group - Pask’s Conversation Theory for the participationist group and Landa’s Algo-Heuristic Theory for the acquisitionist group. These theories are chosen because these are two of the most recent educational theories developed. But first, we need to examine the theory of knowledge (or learning) itself. According to Scott (2001) when considering what learning is and how it occurs, it is useful to recall that humans, like other biological organisms, are dynamical, self-organizing systems, surviving - and evolving - in a possibly hostile world.Humans survive by adapting and becoming informed of their environment. This is called learning. ’Learning’, as biological adaptation, happens incidentally in the context of the pursuit of current need satisfying’ goals (Scott, 2001). It is a continuous process. One cannot avoid it even the animals and insects. What is different with being a human is that we learn intentionally. Goals are set consciously and habits and skills are practiced deliberately. Maturana (1989) argues that being self-aware is knowing with oneself’ while consciousness’ is a process that evolves from knowing with another’ in consensual domains.In learning, we acquire knowledge’. To Pask, having knowledge’ is the process of knowing and coming to know. According to him, knowledge is not the storage of representations. However, different researches have different definitions of knowledge. Bloom (1956) distinguish between the concepts of knowledge, skill and value. There are also different sub-types of knowledge. Gagne, Briggs and Wager (1992) describe such sub-types as motor skills, discriminations, intellectual skills, defined concepts, concrete concepts, cognitive strategies, attitudes, problem solving, verbal information, rules and higher-order rules.Romiszowski (1984) classified knowledge in a more complex way. To him, there are four main kinds of knowledge, namely, facts, procedures, concepts and principles) and four main kinds of skill, namely, cognitive, psychomotor, reactive, interactive). These kinds have further subdivisions. Knowledge and learning can be described as process. Kolb (1984) developed a simple model of process. Figure 1 shows Kolb’s learning cycle. Figure 1. Kolbs learning cycle According to Kolb (1984), learning is a cycle. There are four stages of learning - concrete experience, reflection on that experience, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation.Abstract conceptualization is the derivation of general rules or theory construction while active experimentation refers to the construction of ways of modifying the next occurrence of the experience (Scott, 2001). The fact that recurrently pops up in discussions about the goals and objectives of education is the immense speed of developing new knowledge in a modern, information-based industrial society. Knowledge is changing so rapidly that what we learn today may become outdated and obsolete a decade, or perhaps even a few years, from now.The following question arises: If knowledge constantly changes in the course of scientific and technological development, do the cognitive mechanisms of acquiring and applying knowledge, in the process of such development, change as well? Or, to be more precise, do they change as rapidly as the knowledge being acquired by mankind? The answer is no. Experts in any field of scientific, technological or practical activity, who have already learned how to effectively acquire and apply knowledge, use essentially the same cognitive operations and process (out of some repertoire) to learn and manipulate various knowledge.These processes may be different with regard to different kinds of knowledge (for example, knowledge about facts versus knowledge about laws of nature) and/or with regard to different kinds of problems to be solved, but these processes a re the same with regard to the same kinds of knowledge and problems. Thus, while the knowledge acquired and handled may be variable, the ways - methods - of its acquisition and handling represent a constant. Because ways (mechanisms) used in acquiring and handling varying knowledge are constant, we can say that, in this sense, these mechanisms are  ¬content-independent and therefore general.

Cuban Legal System and Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cuban Legal System and Stereotypes - Essay Example The movie creates negative stereotypes of Cuban people as criminals and drug-dealers. It portrays that the majority of immigrants are criminals who follow the same way of life in America. Immigrants can acquire schooling in either the country of origin or in the country of destination. The movie portrays that immigration has been an economic phenomenon, operating through labor demand within more or less competitive labor markets in the United States. Workers like Manny and Tonny, have quickly responded as economic men and women to any indications that jobs were available to them; the pay that they could earn in the United States was many times greater than the sums that they received for subsistence farming, hired farm work, or other kinds of low-skilled employment in Mexico. With wages on the order of seven to ten times higher in the United States than in Ciba throughout the century, an extremely strong motive force for migration has existed and has produced actual migration wheneve r U.S. employers have beckoned. Cuban people are portrayed as low skilled and low educated who agree on any job even if it illegal. I select these stereotypes (stereotypes of a criminal and poor immigrant) because they reflect the plot and message sent by the movie. Poverty and underemployment in Cuba are conditions from which many workers have obviously wanted to escape, but escape is not possible until there is someplace to escape to. The United States at various times has put out a call for Mexican workers. Poverty in Cuba has meant that an ever-ready pool of labor has been available south of the border, waiting to be tapped; it is clear that U.S. economic agents, largely employers, have decided when that pool would be tapped. In other words, Mexican migration, at least until recently, has not been a case of workers and their families unilaterally overriding U.S. border and immigration control in order to escape

Essay in hr Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Essay in hr - Assignment Example Studies conducted over the years have supported the argument that of the various factors that influence employee motivation and commitment at the workplace fairness and trust were ranked the highest. Although there is considerable debate and lack of consensus over the concept and appropriate definition employee engagement, there is hardly any disagreement or doubt over the issue of fairness and its relevance at the workplace. It has been clearly established by various researchers that along with adequate pay and opportunities the existence of fairness in the organisation and trust toward the management play a key role in gaining employee commitment and dedication. The psychological contract is a metaphorical representation of the various factors that help organisations in emphasising and exploring the key issues affecting their employees. It affords the management in addressing a range of issues faced by the employees and in devising effective plans to overcome the same. The fundamental objective of a psychological contract is to ensure that the management places more emphasis on the ‘people’ i.e., the employees as they are integral for organisational success and development. It also focuses on improving and enhancing the relationship between the employees and the management / organisation. The employees are integral to the success of any organisation and are instrumental in improving the profitability of the organisations. Hence various organisations include the element of ‘psychological contract’ as part of their strategic plans in order to help the organisations grow and prosper. It helps in the overall developmen t of the organisations and help in tapping the energies, creativity and knowledge offered by the employees (Truss, Soane, and Edwards, 2006). There has been a drastic change in the manner in which organizations operate and function. The attitude toward the employees has also

Assisted suicide Essay Example for Free

Assisted suicide Essay Should assisted suicide or euthanasia be legal in situations where an individual is experiencing intense suffering?   This question brings to light moral and ethical issues which have been the cause of heated debate for several years.   In an attempt to find an answer, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and mercy killings must first be defined. Assisted suicide is when someone provides an individual who is physically able, with the means necessary to end his or her own life.   Euthanasia is when someone provides the means necessary and then performs the act that takes the life of another individual.    This act may take place either with or without the consent of the individual who is suffering.   Euthanasia is performed when death is considered to be in the best interest of the individual in question.   (Mathes, 2004)   Euthanasia is often performed by administering extremely high doses of narcotics, sedatives or antidepressants. The patient develops respiratory depression which results in death. (Panzer, 2000) Doctor Jack Kevorkian emerged in the public eye in 1990 due to his involvement in the assisted suicides of at least 130 people.   Although many people credit him for launching the right-to-die movement, he did not.   He acted entirely on his own initiative until he was charged and convicted of second degree murder in the death of Thomas Youk.   Kevorkian didn’t launch the movement, but his actions did bring the right to die issue into the lime light.   (Humphry, 2007) There are pros and cons of assisted suicide.   Both sides of the issue are supported for specific reasons.   All of the reasons are completely understandable.   Unfortunately, whether or not you support assisted suicide is a matter of each individual’s moral and ethical guidelines.   The only factor that is definite is the fact that it’s illegal. The Pros of Assisted Suicide  · Patients are relieved of extreme suffering – Many illnesses including cancer cause a slow death accompanied by excruciating pain.   Doctors know when a patient is going to die as the result of an illness.   Some believe that allowing a patient to experience such unbearable pain when they are going to die anyway is inhumane and unacceptable.  · Every person has the right to choose whether they live or die – The constitution doesn’t state that a person doesn’t have the right to choose death. Therefore, everyone has the right to choose for themselves.  · Patients have the right to die with their dignity intact – Many terminal illnesses cause people to slowly deteriorate until they lose control of their bodily functions.   In situations such as this, patients are stripped of their dignity.   They don’t want their families to remember them this way.   Patients should have the right to choose death with dignity.  · The cost of health care can be greatly reduced – Health care costs for the terminally ill can add up quickly and dip into any money or assets that the patient wanted to leave to family members in their will. If a person would rather die than then should be able to exercise that right.  · Medical staff can devote more time to saving lives Understaffed hospitals are common in the United States.   Situations such as this can affect the quality of care and can even cause overtired hospital staff to make errors that could be potentially harmful to patients.   Caring for dying patients takes a lot of time.   If a patient would rather die and are allowed to do so, then hospital staff could devote more time to the care of patients who will recover.  · Disallowing suicide infringes on the patients religious freedoms – Religious beliefs include life in the hereafter. Laws disallowing suicide allow the government to force their religious and moral beliefs on everyone else.  · Assisted suicide can make it easier on family – Families often experience as much pain as their dying family member.   They are often overcome by grief and stress by watching a loved one suffer, knowing they are going to die anyway.   Oftentimes patients would prefer to die rather than to watch their family members hurt so much.   Allowing the patient to choose death can ease the pain and suffering of the family and the patient.  · Healthy organs can be harvested to save the life of someone else – Hundreds of people are on organ waiting lists waiting for healthy organs needed to save their lives.   When a patient is slowly dying, their organs begin to shut down and cease to function making them unusable as a donor organs.   If a patient is allowed to die, their organs can be used to save lives.  · Patients who want to die may attempt suicide on their own – If patients choose to end their lives on their own, they will use whatever means necessary. Sometimes they choose a bullet or a noose and this can be devastating to the family.   Assisted suicide is a more humane way for patients to die. (Messerli, 2007) The Cons of Assisted Suicide  · Violation of the Hippocratic Oath – When doctors take part in assisted suicides they are violated the Hippocratic Oath which includes, â€Å"First, do no harm.†Ã‚   Furthermore, it would undermine the trust between doctor and patient.  · Assisted suicide devalues human life – In the United States when death occurs, we mourn and part of the process includes celebrating the life of the person who died with memorial services, wakes and other ceremonies.   When there are tragedies that result in loss of life, we donate money to the families who suffered loss.   Americans place value on a human life and taking a life through assisted suicide because it’s the easy way out, eliminates that value.  · Legalizing assisted suicide could lead to abuses – If the United States legalizes assisted suicide for dying patients there will some who will use it as a catalyst to legalize all suicide due to emotional or psychological issues or simply because a person no longer desires to live.   This would be a travesty.  · â€Å"Thou shall not kill.† – Just about every religion has laws against killing.   Allowing assisted suicide would demean the religious and moral values of our society.  · Patients would give up too easily – If a patient is given a terminal diagnosis and assisted suicide is legal, they may choose to give up on life too soon.   There have been miraculous recoveries and incorrect diagnosis.   Patients, who choose death too soon, may forfeit their second chance at life.  · Insurance companies would put on the pressure – If assisted suicide was an option, doctors would be pressured by insurance companies to act.   Insurance companies would save a lot of money by not having to pay for the health care of dying patients  · Too much power for doctors – Legalizing assisted suicide would put too much power in the doctor’s hands which could cause them to act in an unethical or immoral manner. (Messerli, 2007) Although the American Medical Association is against physician assisted suicide, there are still doctors who support and participate in this practice.   In one physician survey done by physicians in Oregon it was found that 53% of the physicians asked, approved of assisted suicide and 24% supported euthanasia. When a patient was experiencing extreme physical weakness, 37% of the physicians asked, supported assisted suicide and 24% supported euthanasia.   In situations where patients believed that they were causing undue distress to their loved ones, 24% of physicians supported assisted suicide and 7% supported euthanasia. When patients had lost all hope in living, physicians supported assisted suicide by 22% and 7% supported euthanasia. In another survey taken by a group of one-hundred and fifty-five oncologists, it was found that 15.8% admitted to participating in either assisted suicide or euthanasia.   In 60.5% of the cases, patients requested euthanasia or assisted suicide.   There were 15.8% of patients who didn’t make the decision that their life be ended, but the decision was made for them. Research seems to consistently reveal that a small number of doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers have admitted to participating in ending the lives of patients.   (Panzer, 2000) Incidentally, the American Nurses Association also opposes assisted suicide and euthanasia.   The ANA defines the standards expected and the ethics by which nurses are bound.   The ANA also developed the â€Å"The Code for Nurses† and published it in 1976.   â€Å"The Code† serves as a guide for practicing nurses, as well as a guide for evaluating nurses.   The ANA further expresses that the nursing profession follows in the tradition of the Hippocratic Oath, â€Å"do no harm.†Ã‚   There is often a thin line between the â€Å"preservation of life† and a â€Å"dignified death,† but the Code emphatically observes its opposition to assisted suicide and euthanasia.   However, the ANA views the withdrawal of treatments meant to sustain life such as a ventilator, chemotherapy or a feeding tube, as within the rights of the patient.   (Mathes, 2004) Surprisingly, very few patients actually follow through with assisted suicides.   Many feel that since so few people are seriously interested in assisted suicide that the need for legislation isn’t justified.   Only one in ten patients request the lethal medications and only half ingest it.   Knowing that assisted suicide is an option is a comfort for dying patients.   Even if they never do it, they know there’s a way out if their pain and suffering becomes unbearable. However, many hospice caregivers contend that the pain isn’t so much a concern for the patients as is their quality of life.   (Jeffrey, 2006) Family members, who have experienced assisted suicide first-hand, have mixed reactions.   While some describe the death of their loved one as peaceful or beautiful, some are devastated because their loved one chose death.   Family members give similar descriptions of the natural deaths of loved ones.   (Jeffrey, 2006) The question of whether or not assisted suicide or euthanasia should be legalized or not is a very personal issue.   The answer will depend on such factors as religious beliefs and moral values.   It’s not an issue that the government should even address.   If the government takes a stand and either opposes or supports assisted suicide and euthanasia, they are then imposing their beliefs on the people.   If the government imposes their beliefs on everyone then our country is no longer a democracy.   On the other hand, the United States was founded and built on Christian principles.   Perhaps the government should decide their position on the issue based on the teachings of Christianity.   The debate will likely continue for many years because there isn’t a cut and dry answer.   There is no right or wrong answer.   Everyone needs to decide based on their own personal convictions.

The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication

An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164.